humerus surface anatomy

3 borders: superior; medial (vertebral) lateral (axillary) Two angles: superior and inferior. The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm/limb. fractures in patients who are not surgical candidates. On the lateral surface is the deltoid tuberosity for insertion of deltoid muscle. This part is the articular circumference. The articular block of the distal humerus is anteriorly angled by about 40° with respect to the humeral shaft axis. A term of relative location, "distal" is used in anatomy in opposition to the term "proximal." The humerus is the longest bone in the upper limb. Male Biceps Muscles Isolated in Skeleton Labeled Chart on Black. The body of the humerus is the middle part (diaphysis) of the humerus. This definition … most proximal humerus fractures can be treated nonoperatively including. The humerus has unique features that make it a challenging bone to approach and repair, in part due to its proximal location with a large surrounding muscle mass. In: Tornetta P, Ricci WM, eds. Many muscles which … The course of the radial nerve can be indicated by a line from just below the posterior axillary fold, to the lateral side of the humerus at the junction of its middle and lower thirds; thence it passes vertically downward on the front of the arm to the level of the lateral epicondyle. The deltoid tuberosity, which lies towards the middle of the … The distal end of the humerus is called the humeral condyle and includes two smooth elevations for articulation with the bones … The pectoralis minor attaches here, while the coracobrachialis and biceps brachii muscles originate from this projection. PROXIMAL HUMERUS ANATOMY Head: This it the part of the humerus that articulates with the glenoid (socket). The Humerus is the largest bone of the upper limb and it has two ends and a shaft. Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, 9e. Lateral Surface. 2. Its articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage faces upwards, inwards and slightly backwards. the groove that spirals around the posterior surface of the shaft of the humerus: it is a depression for the radial n. and the deep brachial vessels; fracture of the humerus at mid-shaft can injure the radial nerve and deep brachial vessels because they are in contact with bone at this location: ulna (N436,N439, TG2-04AB, Practical) Didactic-style training programs demonstrate the functional importance of a specific structure within a kinematic complex or a complicated motion sequence. The shaft of the humerus presents with three surfaces: Anterolateral surface Anteromedial surface Posterior surface Anatomy of the Human Body. Origin: Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; Lateral head: posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove; Medial head: posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove. The body is cylindrical in its upper portion, and more prismatic belo… Triceps Brachii: Lateral Head: Posterior Surface of Humerus that Lies Superior to Radial Groove. The humerus bone consists of several parts that allow the upper arm, hand, and elbow to move in different directions. Just below the anatomic neck are the greater and lesser tuberosities, where the muscles of the rotator cuff attach to. epitrochlea: medial epicondyle. The humerus is the largest bone of the upper extremity and defines the human brachium (arm). Here are a number of highest rated Scapula Surface Anatomy pictures on internet. A hook-like, bony spine of variable size, the supracondylar process, may project distally from the anteromedial surface of the humerus, about 5 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle. Lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus. Much of the difficulty encountered in treating distal humerus fractures lies in the complex anatomy of the elbow joint (see Anatomy). Fig. https://mobilephysiotherapyclinic.in/scapular-muscle-details-and-exercise humerus has two large knobs at the top of the bone, called the greater and lesser tubercles, which join the scapula in 4.Attachments 5.Ossification Also the notes are completely handwritten and includes edited images for better under ... Anatomy of Humerus . There is a posteriorly bare area of the humeral head between the posterior insertion of the joint capsule and synovial membrane and the adjacent articular cartilage. The fingers and thumb contain a total of 14 phalanges. It may also be referred to as a shoulder fracture. Anatomy of Humerus Bone. Articular block. The articular surface of the humeral head is covered by cartilage and thinner at the periphery and thicker in the center (average thickness of 1.24 mm). anterior surface of the lower one-half of the humerus and the associated intermuscular septa: coronoid process of the ulna: flexes the forearm: musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6) brachial a., radial recurrent a. a powerful flexor: brachioradialis: upper two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus Lateral surface. Proximal humerus fractures forms 4% to 5% of all fractures and represent the most common humerus fracture (45%). Description. Limited bone stock c. Proximity to neurovascular structures 1. We identified it from reliable source. Neer Classification of Proximal Humerus Fracture. There are 30 bones in each upper limb. Medial and lateral pectoral nerves. The base of the hand contains eight carpal bones, and the palm of the hand is formed by five metacarpal bones. 7 min read. Distinguish the body of the humerus (corpus humeri) and the two ends: the upper and lower. It serves for the insertion of the deltoideus muscle of the dog. Humerus – capitulum Anatomy The articular surface of the bottom of humerus is divided into trochlea medially (for trochlear notch of ulna, which is between coronoid process and … The humerus is the largest bone of the upper extremity and defines the human brachium (arm). Abstract. Spiral groove. It is divided into the head, anatomic neck, surgical neck, and shaft. Answering mcqs is one of the ways to study bones, their borders, surfaces and attachments. It articulates proximally with the glenoid via the glenohumeral (GH) joint and … The detailed anatomy of each part is discussed below: 1. This surface of the scapula faces the humerus. The humerus contributes the humeral condyle, composed of the trochlea medially from anterior to posterior and the capitulum laterally on the anterior aspect, to the articular surface of the elbow joint. Upper end: consists of head, anatomical … humerus stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Digital x-ray showing a shoulder joint replacement Back Skeletal XRay scan A rear skeletal - Neck, Shoulder, Rid and Spine detail. Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings. Complex anatomy b. The distal humerus is composed of the medial and lateral columns, lateral epicondyles, and the articular surface. The articular surface of the humerus or arm bone has been replaced. Bony anatomy. Proximal end Head. Morphological Neck. The upper end of the bone has head of humerus, greater tubercle and lesser tubercle. We’re going to be looking at a humerus from the right arm (pictured above), with the anterior (or front) view on the left, and the posterior (or back) view on the right. Shoulder Anatomy -- mini-tutorial Post published: June 12, 2021. The body of humerus (shaft of humerus) is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces. Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery. Humerus has two ends (upper and lower) and an intervening shaft. Philadelphia, PA. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc ; 2019 Wu ZZ et al 24 reported that the lateral approach could only expose 188 28.5% of the articular surface of the distal humerus, and our study showed that the 189 lateral epicondyle osteotomy approach could significantly improve the exposure of the 190 articular surface of the distal humerus by subluxing the elbow. We give a positive response this kind of Scapula Surface Anatomy graphic could possibly be the most trending subject following we share it in google help or facebook. Shoulder Anatomy. Juan P. Simone, in Morrey's the Elbow and its Disorders (Fifth Edition), 2018 Relevant Anatomy. Action: Extends and adducts hand at the wrist. Restoration of the Patient-Specific Anatomy of the Proximal branch to long head of triceps. Accurate knowledge of the relevant anatomy is essential for successful reduction of fracture fragments and application of a fixation apparatus (Figure 13.1). It is continuous with the coronoid process of the ulna via the trochlear or semilunar notch anteriorly. posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm. Due to the enormous flood of information, students of anatomy quickly find study material dry and abstract. It is the “ball” in the “ball and socket” joint. In humans the articular surface of the head of the humerus is hemispherical; two … Edition: 10th edition. Triceps Brachii: Lateral Head: Posterior Surface of Humerus that Lies Superior to Radial Groove. Roughening on lateral surface of midshaft of radius. This forms the attachment site for the humerus over the ulnar surface. These articulation involve the humerus and radius and humerus and the ulna which both form hinge joints as well as the radius and ulna which forms a … Each upper limb is made up of 32 bones, and has a number of different regions. (the "missing" angle is the glenoid fossa). The glenoid fossa (cavity) of the scapula is where the rounded humeral head fits. Humerus and Elbow Anatomy; Humerus And Elbow Anatomy. The arm has one bone called the humerus, which consists of a body and two articular ends. ... Humerus or Arm Anatomy and Positioning Saturday, May 19, 2018. There is a posteriorly bare area of the … The Humerus is referred to as the bone of the arm and sometimes commonly referred to as the funny bone. Anatomically speaking, the arm is the part of the upper limb that is between the shoulder and the elbow joint.. The highly constrained nature of the elbow joint causes it to absorb energy following direct trauma. COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH AND SCIENCES BY Hermizan Halihanafiah Bsc Biomedicine (Hons) UKM SHOULDER JOINT AND HUMERUS Middle Third of Medial Surface of Humerus: Flexion, Adduction, Internal Rotation: Musculocutaneous Nerve . There are three flat facets to which these three muscles … the upper arm bone is the largest and longest bone of the upper limb. We identified anterior insertion of the deltoid muscle and the proximal part of the brachialis muscle as the main anatomic obstacles on the anterior surface of the humerus. -- Select -- Gluteus minimus Semimembranosus Flexor carpi radialis Biceps femoris, long head Sartorius Extensor carpi ulnaris Biceps femoris, short head Gluteus medius Semitendinosus Gluteus maximus. Anatomy The articular surface of the bottom of humerus is divided into trochlea medially (for trochlear notch of ulna, which is between coronoid process and olecranon) and capitulum … 2. The lateral surface of the scapula meets the humerus. minimally displaced surgical and anatomic neck fractures. It is the longest bone of the upper limb. It presents four surfaces: Cranial surface. The humerus's proximal (upper) end is connected to the … Middle Third of Medial Surface of Humerus: Flexion, Adduction, Internal Rotation: Musculocutaneous Nerve . it connects the greater tubercle of the humerus to the lesser tubercle of the humerus and acts to retain the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii m. in the intertubercular sulcus: transverse metacarpal ligament, deep: a ligament that connects the metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5 on their palmar surface >5mm displacement will result in impingement with loss of abduction and external rotation. Its main function is to provide support for your shoulder and a wide variety of … The greater tubercle lies lateral to the head of the humerus as serves as the point of attachment for three of the rotator cuff muscles. ... Ans: Humerus: The sole bone in the upper arm is the humerus. This cupped surface is called the Articular facet or Articular fovea. Complex anatomy b. Head of the humerus articulates the scapula to form the shoulder joint. Subjects: Ortho, Anatomy, humerus, elbow . humerus stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Digital x-ray showing a shoulder joint replacement Back Skeletal XRay scan A rear skeletal - Neck, Shoulder, Rid and Spine detail. The upper limb is divided into three regions. Fractures occurring proximal to the lateral columns are termed fractures of the distal third of the humeral shaft. Triangular interval. The Radius is attached medially with the radial notch of ulna here. The humerus (Figs. Animal Anatomy and Physiology 1. Function. Medial Epicondyle is a rounded projection at the distomedial end of the humerus. It articulates proximally with the glenoid via the glenohumeral (GH) joint and distally with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint. The arm muscles are divided into two compartments separated by the humerus and the medial and lateral intermuscular septae. 207, 208) is the longest and largest bone of the upper extremity; it is divisible into a body and two extremities. ... Distal articular surface. Surgical Neck. Insertion. The proximal end of the radius has a round articular surface that articulates with the humerus and the ulna. “Head splitting” is a variant, with split through the articular surface (usually requires replacement for treatment). https://www.coursehero.com/file/132299235/ANAT-1-Shoulder-Regionpdf Action: Elbow extension. In: Tornetta P, Ricci WM, eds. 1. ... Head has a rounded convex articular surface ,which articulates with glenoid cavity to form shoulder joint. Innervation. A thorough knowledge about the features of the bones and their attachments acts as the basis of medical practice. The head is a hemispheroidal shape, with hyaline cartilage covering its smooth articular surface. The deltoid tuberosity, which lies towards the middle of the lateral border, is the only bump on the shaft's surface. The pronator teres inserts on the anterolateral surface of the midpoint of the radius. ... A bursa surrounds the backward-facing posterior surface, which is flat, straight, and subcutaneous. Abstract. There is a less twisted brachialis or musculospiral groove in a dog humerus. The humerus is a long tubular bone. Here are a number of highest rated Scapula Surface Anatomy pictures on internet. A proximal humerus fracture is when the top part of the upper arm bone, which is shaped like a ball, is broken. This boney structure is surrounded by large muscles that … Neck of the Radius Anatomical Neck. The ossification of this structure begins at 8-9 years of age. The glenoid fossa (cavity) of the scapula is where the rounded humeral head fits. Medial surface. it then runs through the triangular interval with profunda brachii artery in posterior compartment between long head of triceps and humerus. Shallow ball-and-socket joint. by dvannielen@gmail.com, Aug 2013. Triceps brachii. The articular surface of the humeral head is covered by cartilage and thinner at the periphery and thicker in the center (average thickness of 1.24 mm). Humerus : Structure, Attachments, Side Determination, Ossification, Functions & Clinical Anatomy Overview The humerus is the bone of the arm that runs from the shoulder to … The head of the humerus is at its proximal end. Distal humerus refers to the portion of the humerus bone in the upper arm that is farthest from the trunk of the body and nearest to the elbow joint. Long Head: Infraglenoid Tubercle. Medial epicondyle A projection on the humeral medial side, proximal to the trochlea. humerus labeled diagram stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and consists of three sections. The upper limb is divided into three regions. It is a comparatively thick … Some of the muscles that flex the forearm, wrist, and fingers attach to the anterior surface of this marking. Upper limb has a total of 64 bones. Wu ZZ et al 24 reported that the lateral approach could only expose 188 28.5% of the articular surface of the distal humerus, and our study showed that the 189 lateral epicondyle osteotomy approach could significantly improve the exposure of the 190 articular surface of the distal humerus by subluxing the elbow. The lateral surface of the dog humerus presents a tricipital line and elongated deltoid tuberosity. 8-10).. capitellum: provides articulation with the radial head. We identified it from reliable source. tuberosity of the humerus, capsule of the shoulder joint Lateral rotation of arm, upper part helps with abduction, lower part helps with adduction, draws humerus towards the glenoid fossa (stabilizes shoulder joint) Suprascapular nerve Teres Minor Upper two thirds of the posterior surface of the axillary boarder of the scapula Lower facet of the greater tuberosity of the … And sometimes, it’s just a head-scratcher. Ulnar artery, anterior recurrent … Using a large number of illustrations, they also convey only an approximate. 11. Lateral Surface. Insertion: Base of fifth metacarpal. Chapters 6, 7 . Greater tubercle. Its submitted by government in the best field. Humeral head -medial epicondyle and adjacent supraepicondylar ridge; ulnar head -medial side of coronoid process. It consists of the corpus and a proximal and distal extremity. Many powerful muscles that manipulate the upper arm at the shoulder and the forearm at … Swipe for labels 1 2 Anatomy of the Humerus … Place a pad or towel roll under the distal end of the humerus to allow full elbow extension Position the forearm in full supination with the palm of the hand facing the ceiling. The superolateral surface of the costal scapula is the coracoid process. The main difference between femur and humerus is that femur is the long bone of the upper leg whereas humerus is the long bone of the upper arm. It articulates proximally with the glenoid via the glenohumeral (GH) joint and distally with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint. The humerus is a long bone with a shaft and two extremities. The humerus is the single bone of the arm, and the ulna (medially) and the radius (laterally) are the paired bones of the forearm. Description. Proximal Region: A … Sternocostal head: anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external oblique muscle. High speed motor vehicle accidents are another common cause. The elbow is a complex hinge joint that involves three separate articulations. Skeletal and Muscular Systems . It is … humerus: the humerus, the arm bone, extends from the shoulder to the elbow (Fig. Brachialis is the last of the three muscles forming the anterior compartment of the arm.It originates from the distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus and inserts into the coronoid process and the tuberosity of ulna.. Brachialis receives innervation from the musculocutaneous (C5,C6) and radial nerves (C7) and its vascular supply from the brachial, … Upper Extremity. medial … However, … 13.2 Anatomy. The humeral head arises from the medial epicondylar ridge of the humerus and common flexor tendon, whereas the ulnar head arises from the medial aspect of the coronoid process of the ulna. The proximal end forms the caput humeri with the adjacent neck, collum humeri. The … Elbow and Forearm Anatomy. The anatomical neck is the part between the head and the tuberosities. Average retroversion values are 18–33° … Lesson 2 . Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults, 9e. Long Head: Infraglenoid Tubercle. First, there’s the pectoral girdle, which consists of 2 bones: the scapula, also called the shoulder blade, and the clavicle, also known as the collarbone. Capitulum The lateral portion of the articular surface of the distal humerus and articulates with the radius (Seeley, 2008, p. 235). Answer. Parts of humerus Describe the upper end of the humerus. The humerus is a long bone that supports the upper arm (upper arm bone). Subscapular fossa on anterior surface. The proximal part of the humerus articulates with the shoulder girdle. The main function of the trochlea of the humerus is to provide a smooth surface that articulates with the notch. There are three surfaces (anterolateral, anteromedial and … It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna. Insertion. In this article I am going to share humerus bone anatomy of ox. … It belongs to the so-called long bones, which means it has two distinguishable ends — the proximal and distal … Post category: Anatomy books. Greater tuberosity: This is where the top part of the rotator cuff attaches to the humerus, specifically the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. Numerous muscles and ligaments are attached to the humerus causing multiple raised surfaces on the bone surface. Anatomy. Ulna Anatomy. Instant anatomy is a specialised web site for you to learn all about human anatomy of the body with diagrams, podcasts and revision questions There are 30 bones in each upper limb. Limited bone stock c. Proximity to neurovascular structures 1. The base of the hand contains eight bones, each called a carpal bone, and the palm of the hand is formed by five bones, each called a metacarpal bone. Furthermore, the length and the average diameter of the femur are higher than that of the humerus. The humerus is attached here. This tuberosity extends distally on the caudal surface of humerus as the humeral crest. It has only one bone called the humerus, and an intricate network of muscles, vessels and nerves distributed around it.. The humerus is the both the largest bone in the arm and the only bone in the upper arm. Detailed anatomy. branch to medial head of triceps. Surface Anatomy The pectora l girdle or shoulder girdle is formed by the clavicles, scapulae, and the proximal end of the humerus. Artery. The average … The medial part of … The humerus is articulately connected to shoulder blade, ulna and radius . Let’s take the surgical neck of the humerus. It extends from the shoulder joint to the elbow joint. 1.1 The average humeral neck angle is 130°. Clinically oriented Anatomy 10th edition PDF [Free download] been probably the most rated and needed book in relation to the subject of human anatomy. The olecranon articulates with the humerus via the olecranon fossa on the humerus, which is situated over the posterior surface of the humerus. The shaft of the humerus was bent latero-medially and twisted on appearance. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm, and the ulna (medially) and the radius (laterally) are the paired bones of the forearm. The deltoid tuberosity is the most prominent feature of the lateral surface of humerus anatomy in a dog. ... Below the lateral epicondyle of the humerus a portion of the head of the radius is palpable; its position is indicated on the surface by a little dimple, which is best seen when the arm is extended. Deltoid Muscle Isolated Anatomy Side View on White Background Deltoid muscle isolated within the shoulder area of human skeletal system in a lateral side view on a white background. Anatomy of the Humerus Bone. The shaft of the humerus has three borders; anterior border, lateral border and medial border. These consist of the arm, located between the shoulder and elbow joints; the forearm, which is between the elbow and wrist joints; and the hand, which is located distal to the wrist. There are 30 bones in each upper limb (see [link] ). The humerus is often referred as the “funny bone’. This study was conducted on humerii of an adult male nilgai. Then there’s the arm, which only has one bone, called the humerus. 3.Shaft- Anterior and Posterior surface. 2 red circular glow highlights indicate potential injury /pain areas.. humerus stock illustrations The head which is directed upwards and medially, the shaft, and the lower end. Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus. Humerus trochlea The medial portion of the distal humerus and articulates with the ulna (Seeley, 2008, p. 236). Caudal surface. Median nerve. It articulates with the rounded head of the humerus, forming the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint. The Humerus-Introduction. The humerus is the upper arm bone. I will provide a simple guide so that you may learn anatomy of humerus in easy way. Action. Humerus. Structure It has two […] The lesser tuberosity of the humerus is located on the anterior surface of the humerus and provides the attachment for the subscapularis muscle. ... Insertion : It inserts on the corocoid process and ulnar tuberosity and the rough anterior surface of the coronoid process of the ulna. It is the position of the glenohumeral joint, and of numerous muscle attachments. The humerus anatomy consists of three main parts: The body is cylindrical in its upper portion, and more prismatic below. The anatomical neck is a slight narrowing below the articular surface of the head. Book Name: Clinically oriented Anatomy. Insertion: Olecranon. Introduction. It articulates proximally with the glenoid via the glenohumeral (GH) … This article will discuss ulna bone anatomy, structure, location, and various functions. The humerus is the largest bone of the upper extremity and defines the human brachium (arm). It is the longest and also strongest bone of the upper limb. 1. The shaft of the humerus has a cylindrical shape proximally then flattens to produce more distinct surfaces. We give a positive response this kind of Scapula Surface Anatomy graphic could possibly be the most trending subject following we share it in google help or facebook. Its submitted by government in the best field. ... Anatomy of ELBOW FLEXORS: 1. The humerus anatomy consists of three main parts: The shaft: The shaft is the place of attachment for several different muscles. Artery. It appears slightly retracted and is also called Collum anatomicum. The brachialis is the primary flexor of the elbow and is found mainly in the upper arm between the humerus and the ulna. greater tuberosity fracture displaced < 5mm. humerus, long bone of the upper limb or forelimb of land vertebrates that forms the shoulder joint above, where it articulates with a lateral depression of the shoulder blade (glenoid cavity of scapula), and the elbow joint below, where it articulates with projections of the ulna and the radius. The head of the humerus forms the ball portion of the ball-and-socket like glenohumeral joint. Hey, thank you so … The head of the humerus at the proximal end forms slightly less than a sphere. —The upper extremity consists of a large … The head of the humerus is the articular surface of the upper extremity, which is an irregular hemisphere. The humerus is the largest bone in the upper extremity. The most common cause of proximal humerus fractures is a fall particularly when falling onto an outstretched hand. Post comments: 0 Comments. XII. 2 red circular glow highlights indicate potential injury /pain areas.. humerus stock illustrations Place a pad or towel roll under the distal end of the humerus to allow full elbow extension Position the forearm in full supination with the palm of the hand facing the ceiling. The humerus is the largest bone of the upper extremity and defines the human brachium (arm). Glenoid cavity for head of humerus. Philadelphia, PA. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc ; 2019 Trochlea in association with notch, fossae, and epicondyles provide smooth functioning of the elbow hinge joint (elbow flexion and extension). Background: Anatomy & Epidemiology ... and articular surface is essential • InternalRotation 5-7º ... Humerus Fractures. In the... Anatomical neck. The humerus, a.k.a. The anatomical neck of the Sometimes it’s named after someone famous. The humerus is the bone in your upper arm that’s located between your elbow and your shoulder. The articular surface of the humerus or arm bone has been replaced. ... to the articular surface of the elbow joint. The distal end is formed by the condyle humeri. Coracoid process -- muscle attachment site. Anatomy of Humerus Bone. The curvature of the head is not reciprocal to that of the glenoid cavity. CLINICAL ANATOMY. Humeral Condyle, Trochlea and Capitulum. Proximal Landmarks of Humerus Head: The proximal end of the humerus forms a smooth, spherical structure known … The superior aspect of the articular surface is 8 mm above the greater tuberosity. The proximal end is round and has an articular head. … You are probably familiar with the anatomic neck from your anatomy classes. Humerus Bone Anatomy. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm. Its important bony landmarks are: Glenoid fossa – It is a shallow pyriform cavity located at the lateral angle of the scapula. These consist of the arm, located between the shoulder and elbow joints; the forearm, which is between the elbow and wrist joints; and the hand, which is located distal to the wrist.There are 30 bones in each upper limb (see ).The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm, and the ulna (medially) and the radius (laterally) are the … … The upper end (proximal) is thickened and … Superior, middle and inferior facets. 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